Student discussions have long been both thorn and rose of
online courses. When online learning was first introduced to academia,
skeptical face-to-face instructors believed that the courses must lack any
discussion, likening them to a television broadcast. But online educators
immediately recognized that the format allowed for more and deeper discussion
than face-to-face courses. Online, students have unlimited think-time to craft
responses, there is no time limit on discussions, and discussions often bring
students who are afraid of public speaking out of their shells. Finally, students
can speak to each other as well as to the instructor.
Despite these benefits, many online faculty have found that
students provide shallow, formulaic responses or repeat one another’s comments
in different words. Faculty have also found that just like in face-to-face
courses, participation is uneven, with a handful of students dominating
discussion. Many students consider online discussions an exercise in filling
air time with perfunctory comments meant to satisfy the grading rubric.
So what happened to the promise of online discussions? I
believe they still have great potential to meet the benefits stated above, but
faculty need more training in how to set them up to cultivate robust and
creative discussion. Below I explore some of the causes of online discussion
problems and provide a solution for each.
Discussion questions
Almost without exception, I see faculty new to online
teaching mistaking discussion questions with essay questions. Faculty are used
to writing essay questions but not discussion questions, and so they end up
writing discussion questions that are just shorter versions of essay questions.
The result is questions that require students to interpret and critique a
particular article or author’s position or explain a concept.
A dead giveaway to this confusion is expecting students to
provide citations in their postings. We don’t expect the people we are having
lunch with to cite the sources of all of their comments. If you to make a
factual claim that does not sound right to me, I might ask for your source, but
I don’t require two sources from all of your comments.
Faculty who give students mini-essay questions for
discussion invite formulaic responses and repetition. There are only so many
ways to explain the same concept. Instead of asking students to sketch out
another person’s arguments or critique them with outside sources, faculty
should ask questions that students can answer using only their prior knowledge
and own reasoning. Plus, they should invite controversy and admit a variety of
competing positions.
Consider the following two online discussion questions on
the same topic:
- What is Smith’s argument for why physicians must always be honest with patients, no matter the cost? What are two critiques of the argument? What is your position and why?
- An older woman is having a hysterectomy when the surgeon nicks an artery and she begins to bleed. The surgeon instructs a nurse to give her blood while he prepares to repair the damage, at which point the nurse says, “She is a Jehovah’s Witness and strictly forbade getting any blood.” The surgeon says “She’s not dying on my table, give her blood!,” which the nurse does. Afterward, should the care team tell the woman that she got blood?
The first is the kind of mini-essay question that cause
students to groan. The first person to respond will use up all reasonable
answers, leaving everyone else to come up with new ways to agree.
The second, by contrast, is a question that anyone can
answer with their prior knowledge and reasoning. Plus, it is an inherently
interesting question that motivates participation. As the discussion grows, the
instructor can point out the underlying principles students are using to
resolve the case, which creates the teaching moment. Shifting mini-essay
questions to scenario-based discussion questions radically changes the quality
of discussion.
Small groups
Most online courses set use a single discussion forum for
the entire class. But real-life discussion more often happens in small groups,
and people are generally more comfortable speaking in small groups than in
large ones. Ask a live class of 30 students a question, and you might get a
response from those two or three students who always speak up. But put them
into groups of four, and you get everyone speaking. For this reason, instead of
putting all students into the same discussion forum, set up multiple discussion
forums with small groups in each to see whether doing so generates more
participation and genuine sharing of ideas than stock responses just meant to
satisfy the grading system. You might also try using different discussion
questions for each forum to see which generate the most engagement, then pick
the best for future courses.
Grading
Faculty often quash discussion by the method they use to
grade it. They typically incentivize participation with grades based on
individual contributions, such as requiring one original contribution and at
least one reply for each discussion question, and usually grade participation
by quantity. But as Alexis Wiggins (2020) notes, this approach can reward bad
behavior, such as monopolizing discussion or contributing only superficially to
it. At the very least, the approach encourages quantity over quality.
Wiggins suggests instead using a group grade for
discussions. Now, the general student objection to group grades is that the
better contributors will suffer from being averaged with the worse ones. But
here Wiggins offers an important twist: the group grade should be based on the
quality of collaboration. When we grade students individually in
discussions, we are really creating competition between them, rather than
collaboration. But if we are attempting to teach discussion skills for life,
then the point should be to encourage a good group, rather than individual,
outcome. After all, the real point of group discussions in organizations is to
reach the best possible decision. The discussion of O-ring problems before the Challenger
launch was a failure not because of how many people contributed but because of
the decision at the end. Moreover, fostering a sense of collaboration between
group members helps sustain the enthusiasm and comradery of groups, which is
also critical to individuals functioning together in organizations.
Thus, Wiggins asserts that students should be taught to not
only contribute themselves but also encourage others to weigh in. Wiggins facilitates
this collaboration with a grading rubric that includes criteria such as whether
everyone has participated in a substantive way and whether the discussion has
genuinely progressed toward new understandings. That creates an incentive for
ensuring that others contribute. A student might see that a classmate has not
contributed and so specifically ask for their thoughts, just as a good leader
would do in a live meeting. Students are also encouraged to pick up and further
develop others’ ideas as well as provide summarizing comments that represent
the new understandings developed in the discussion. These rules not only
improve discussion within the class but also help students improve their
discussion skills for the real world.
Discussion is still an important part of online courses but
had gotten a bad rap due to poor setup. Try these methods in your course to
enliven online discussions.
Reference
Wiggins, A. (2020, April). A better way to assess discussions. Educational Leadership, 77(7), 34–38. http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/apr20/vol77/num07/A-Better-Way-to-Assess-Discussions.aspx
